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While solid-state battery technology continues to attract global attention, it is important for engineers and battery buyers to understand where this innovation sits relative to commercially mature pouch cell platforms.
Most current solid-state and semi-solid research programs are being developed on stacked pouch cell architectures or pouch-derived formats. In other words, solid-state batteries are not emerging as an isolated replacement technology—they are evolving from today’s pouch cell manufacturing ecosystem.
This article examines solid-state battery development from leading Chinese manufacturers and explains how these efforts connect directly to stacked pouch cell platforms that already power EV and energy storage systems.
A solid-state battery replaces liquid or gel electrolytes with solid materials. This shift promises:
Higher theoretical energy density
Improved thermal stability
Reduced flammability
Potentially longer cycle life
Compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries, solid-state systems aim to deliver faster charging and better safety margins.
However, despite these advantages, solid-state technologies currently face major industrial barriers:
Limited compatibility with existing lithium-ion production lines
Complex interface stability between solid electrolytes and electrodes
High manufacturing cost and yield challenges
Difficulty achieving consistent large-format cells
As a result, commercial deployment remains constrained to pilot-scale projects and niche applications.
Despite rapid progress in solid-state research, stacked lithium-ion pouch cells remain the dominant architecture for mass-produced EV and ESS batteries today.
Modern stacked pouch designs already provide:
High volumetric energy density
Full-tab current collection for lower internal resistance
Uniform pressure distribution
Improved thermal consistency
Mature, scalable manufacturing processes
Crucially, pouch formats allow manufacturers to adapt existing production equipment for semi-solid or hybrid electrolyte systems—making them the most practical transition platform toward future solid-state batteries.
In this context, solid-state should be viewed as a capability layer built upon pouch cell foundations, rather than a parallel battery ecosystem.
EVE Energy is pursuing semi-solid and solid-state development primarily through stacked pouch configurations. Its strategy emphasizes gradual electrolyte evolution while maintaining compatibility with existing pouch production lines—allowing performance improvements without abandoning established manufacturing infrastructure.
This approach reflects a broader industry preference for evolutionary upgrades rather than disruptive factory redesigns.
Gotion focuses on solid-state electrolytes and high-nickel cathode integration, again using pouch-based cell platforms for early-stage commercialization.
By keeping pouch geometry, Gotion can leverage current equipment while validating new materials, accelerating the transition from laboratory validation to industrial trials.
CALB is advancing semi-solid pouch cells for EV and energy storage applications, prioritizing cycle stability and manufacturing yield over aggressive chemistry shifts.
Its roadmap highlights a staged transition:
conventional pouch → semi-solid pouch → future solid-state pouch.
This layered strategy reflects practical constraints of large-format battery production.
While solid-state batteries offer compelling theoretical benefits, today’s EV and ESS deployments still rely on advanced lithium-ion pouch cells because they provide:
Proven lifecycle reliability
Scalable production economics
Mature supply chains
Predictable system integration
From an industrial standpoint, the key challenge is not discovering new chemistries—but translating them into repeatable, high-yield manufacturing processes.
That is why nearly all solid-state programs continue to use stacked pouch formats during early commercialization.
For EV platforms and utility-scale ESS, stacked pouch cells currently deliver the best balance of:
Energy density
Thermal performance
Safety margin
Manufacturing scalability
Total cost of ownership
As solid-state materials mature, they will most likely be integrated into pouch architectures first, allowing system designers to retain existing BMS strategies, thermal layouts, and module designs.
Rather than a sudden technology leap, the industry is moving through a phased evolution.
At Misen Power, we focus on advanced stacked pouch cell platforms and customized battery modules for EV, ESS, and industrial applications.
Our development roadmap aligns with this industry reality:
High-energy NCM pouch cells for current deployments
Semi-solid pouch configurations for next-generation platforms
Continuous optimization of stacking, thermal management, and system integration
By working within pouch-based architectures, we help customers bridge today’s lithium-ion production with tomorrow’s solid-state innovations—without disrupting proven manufacturing foundations.
Solid-state batteries represent an important long-term direction for electric mobility and energy storage.
But their path to commercialization runs directly through stacked pouch cell technology.
Leading manufacturers in China are not replacing pouch formats—they are evolving them.
For today’s EV and ESS deployments, stacked lithium-ion pouch cells remain the practical choice, offering mature manufacturing, scalable performance, and real-world reliability.
Solid-state is the future.
Stacked pouch is how we get there.
As the world races toward electrification, battery innovation has become the cornerstone of next-generation electric vehicles (EVs). Among various battery technologies, solid-state batteries are emerging as a game-changing solution—promising higher energy density, faster charging, longer cycle life, and improved safety compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.
While global giants like Toyota, BMW, and QuantumScape are making strides in this domain, Chinese battery manufacturers are rapidly closing the gap. Companies like EVE, Gotion, and CALB are pushing boundaries with semi-solid, quasi-solid, and full solid-state battery technologies. Their latest developments between 2024 and 2026 could define the battery landscape for the next decade.
This article provides an in-depth look at how these three companies are progressing in their solid-state battery R&D and commercialization, and what it means for the global EV market.
A solid-state battery replaces the liquid or gel electrolyte found in lithium-ion batteries with a solid electrolyte, which can be ceramic, glass, or polymer-based. This change offers multiple advantages:
Higher energy density (up to 400–430 Wh/kg)
Faster charging capabilities
Lower risk of fire or thermal runaway
Longer cycle life
Compact form factors
| Feature | Lithium-Ion | Solid-State |
|---|---|---|
| Electrolyte | Liquid/Gel | Solid |
| Safety | Flammable | Non-flammable |
| Energy Density | ~250–300 Wh/kg | Up to 430 Wh/kg |
| Charging Time | 30–60 minutes | 10–15 minutes (potential) |
| Cycle Life | 1,000–1,500 | 2,000–5,000+ |
| Temperature Range | Limited | Wider |
EVE has developed a semi-solid battery with a 330 Wh/kg energy density and a cycle life exceeding 2,000 cycles, based on a 50Ah soft pack format. This design is positioned as an intermediate step toward full solid-state technology, and the company is actively exploring cost-effective production line upgrades to enable mass production starting in 2025.
EVE's flagship full solid-state program, called "Dragon Spring II", is targeting advanced applications such as humanoid robots, low-altitude aircraft, and AI-powered devices. Key features include:
Cathode: High-nickel NCM with halide coating
Electrolyte: Sulfide-based solid electrolyte
Anode: Silicon-carbon composite
Energy Density: 300 Wh/kg (700 Wh/L)
Target for 2028: 400 Wh/kg and high environmental durability
In September 2025, EVE's Chengdu solid-state battery facility unveiled the first 10Ah soft-pack solid-state cell. The plant is set to reach 60Ah production by December 2025 and scale to 100MWh annual capacity by end of 2026.
At its 2025 Global Technology Conference, Gotion introduced the G-Yuan quasi-solid-state battery, rated at:
Energy Density: >300 Wh/kg, >720 Wh/L
Cycle Life: 10 years / 500,000 km
Fast Charging/Discharging: 4C/6C
Form Factor: Aluminum-cased prismatic cells
Key innovations include:
Closed-pore solid electrolyte design
AI-enhanced gradient interfacial barrier
Oxygen binding/capture/rebound triple safety mechanism
In-situ SEI self-repair to reduce lithium loss
Volume expansion limited to 25% (silicon anode)
Gotion has built a 12 GWh production line for quasi-solid-state batteries. Its test vehicle has surpassed 20,000 km, and the G-Yuan battery is preparing for winter condition validation.
Gotion also announced its Jinshi full solid-state battery, with:
Energy Density: 350 Wh/kg
Electrolyte Conductivity: 16 mS/cm
Cathode: Ultra-high nickel (240 mAh/g)
Anode: Mesoporous silicon (1,800 mAh/g)
Safety: Passed puncture, short-circuit, thermal oven, and crush tests without fire or explosion
The company completed a 0.2 GWh pilot line in 2025 and began designing a 2 GWh commercial line, aiming for design finalization by the end of the year.
CALB's "Top Flow" semi-solid battery lineup includes:
First-gen (2023): 300 Wh/kg, 6C fast charge, optimized tabless cylindrical design
Second-gen (2024): 350 Wh/kg, targeted for eVTOL applications (to be launched in 2026)
Latest (2025): >360 Wh/kg with 6C+ charging
CALB's R46 cylindrical semi-solid cells (310 Wh/kg) are already in mass production and have been supplied to industry-leading eVTOL clients like XPeng HT and GAC GAOYU.
CALB's Wujie battery represents one of the most advanced designs in the field:
Energy Density: 430 Wh/kg
Cathode: 225 mAh/g
Anode: 1,600 mAh/g
Electrolyte Conductivity: >10 mS/cm
Operating Pressure: <1 MPa (low-pressure use)
Form Factor: Pouch and aluminum prismatic
The company plans small-batch EV integration by 2027 and mass production in 2028. The design was showcased at the 2025 Munich Battery Show.
| Company | Product Type | Name | Energy Density (Wh/kg) | Charge Rate | Form Factor | Commercialization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EVE | Semi-solid | – | 330 | – | Soft pack | 2025 pilot production |
| EVE | Full solid-state | Dragon Spring II | 300–400 | – | Soft pack | 2026–2028 |
| Gotion | Quasi-solid | G-Yuan | >300 | 6C | Prismatic | 2025 mass production ready |
| Gotion | Full solid-state | Jinshi | 350 | – | Soft pack | Pilot line in 2025 |
| CALB | Semi-solid | Top Flow | 300–360+ | 6C+ | Large cylindrical | 2023–2026 |
| CALB | Full solid-state | Infinity (Wujie) | 430 | – | Pouch/Prismatic | 2027–2028 |
While these companies have made incredible progress, commercializing solid-state batteries at scale remains a challenge:
Manufacturing complexity: Solid electrolytes are sensitive to moisture, requiring dry-room environments and precision layering.
Cost: Solid-state batteries are still significantly more expensive per kWh than lithium-ion counterparts.
Compatibility: Many current EV platforms are designed around liquid cells, requiring redesigns for solid-state integration.
China's battery makers are not just catching up—they're leading in solid-state battery innovation. Their efforts could reshape global supply chains, lower costs, and accelerate the adoption of next-generation EVs and eVTOL aircraft.
For OEMs, system integrators, and energy storage companies around the world, partnering with Chinese battery leaders like EVE, Gotion, and CALB could offer a strategic edge in terms of technology access, performance, and long-term reliability.
The solid-state battery race is heating up, and Chinese companies are playing a pivotal role. Between 2025 and 2028, we can expect:
Mass production of semi- and quasi-solid batteries
First EVs and eVTOLs powered by solid-state cells
Breakthroughs in energy density, charging rates, and safety
With energy densities reaching 430 Wh/kg, and commercial timelines accelerating, solid-state batteries are no longer a distant dream—they're the next frontier of electrified mobility.
Semi-solid: Contains both solid and gel/liquid electrolytes.
Quasi-solid: Uses mostly solid electrolyte with trace liquid for ionic conductivity.
Full solid-state: 100% solid electrolyte with no free liquid content.
Gotion's quasi-solid battery is closest to mass production, while CALB has the most advanced full solid-state prototype (430 Wh/kg).
Moisture sensitivity, material cost, interface stability, and large-scale manufacturing constraints.
Semi-solid and quasi-solid batteries could appear in EVs by 2025–2026, while full solid-state batteries are expected by 2027–2028.
At Misen Power, we closely follow and contribute to next-generation battery innovations. If you're seeking custom battery solutions for EVs, eVTOLs, robotics, or energy storage, contact us today to learn more about our high-density, long-life lithium battery systems.
